Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, commonly referred to as “Inner Mongolia,” has its capital in Hohhot. Located in northern China, Inner Mongolia borders Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, and Hebei to the northeast, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Ningxia to the south, Gansu to the southwest, and Russia and Mongolia to the north. The region extends from northeast to southwest in a narrow strip, with a predominant temperate continental climate. By the end of 2021, Inner Mongolia had 12 administrative regions at the prefecture level and a total area of 1.183 million square kilometers. The population at the end of 2023 was approximately 23.96 million people.
In 1206, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol Empire. During the 1920s, the people of Inner Mongolia, under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, actively participated in the fight against feudalism and foreign invasion. On May 1, 1947, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government was established in Wangyemiao. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the government was renamed the People’s Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
The term “Inner Mongolia” originated from “Inner Jasagh Mongolia,” which dates back to the third year of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign (1664), when he divided the land by the Gobi into Inner and Outer Mongolia. Inner Mongolia boasts vast lands and abundant resources, earning titles such as “Forests in the East, Mines in the West, Farming in the South, and Herding in the North.” The region holds China’s largest grasslands, extensive forests, and per capita arable land, and it is known for having the world’s richest rare earth metal deposits. It is also China’s largest grassland pasture area, often called the “Land of Grass,” “Ocean of Songs,” and “Home of Wine.”
In 2023, Inner Mongolia’s regional GDP reached 2.4627 trillion yuan, marking a 7.3% growth from the previous year. The primary industry contributed 273.7 billion yuan, with a growth of 5.5%; the secondary industry contributed 1.1704 trillion yuan, growing by 8.1%; and the tertiary industry contributed 1.0186 trillion yuan, marking a growth rate of 7.0%. 
I.The Historical Development of Inner Mongolia
The term “Inner Mongolia” originated during the Qing Dynasty. The Qing government classified the Mongol tribes that pledged allegiance earlier as “Inner Jasak Mongols” and later arrivals, such as the Khalkha and Oirat, as “Outer Jasak Mongols.” Regions like Chahar and Tannu Uriankhai, which did not fall under the Jasak system, were termed “Inner Mongolia,” which later evolved into the term we use today. Initially, the name in Mongolian mirrored its Chinese equivalent, but in 1947, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government updated it to a term meaning “the south side of the Yin Mountains.”
Pre-Qing Dynasty History
In ancient times, Inner Mongolia was already within the distribution of the Yangshao culture, with significant archaeological findings like the Hongshan culture artifacts. Before the Spring and Autumn Period, nomadic groups like the Xiongnu and Donghu roamed the area. Historical records, such as the *Records of the Grand Historian*, link the Xiongnu’s lineage to the Xia Dynasty. The Donghu, first referenced in pre-Qin texts, were active in northern territories during the early Shang period.
During the Warring States Period, the states of Yan, Zhao, and Qin expanded into the Inner Mongolian region. King Wuling of Zhao famously promoted “Hu attire and horseback archery,” which proved effective against the Linhu and Loufan nomads. Later, the Yan general Qin Kai defeated the Donghu, pushing them further north.
Qin and Han Dynasties
After the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, Emperor Qin Shi Huang ordered the construction of the Great Wall to defend against the Xiongnu. During the Han Dynasty, the territory saw further fortification, with additional walls built to safeguard the frontier, establishing military outposts like Yunzhong Commandery, corresponding to present-day Hohhot. The Han Dynasty eventually triumphed over the Xiongnu, expanding its influence in the region.
Mongol Empire and Yuan Dynasty
The Mongols, initially a small tribe under the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty, rose to power under Genghis Khan in 1206, establishing the Mongol Empire. Kublai Khan later founded the Yuan Dynasty and moved the capital to Dadu (present-day Beijing). Inner Mongolia then became an essential frontier region for the empire, with significant cities like Shangdu serving as secondary capitals.
Ming Dynasty and the Qing Unification
Following the Yuan Dynasty’s fall, the Ming Dynasty extended its influence over parts of Inner Mongolia by establishing military outposts. During the 15th century, Altan Khan of the Tümed tribe settled near Hohhot, forging ties with the Ming court. The Qing Dynasty eventually unified the Mongol tribes, creating the Inner Jasak Mongols administrative structure.
20th Century and Modern Period
With the decline of the Qing Dynasty, the region saw foreign interventions and the rise of autonomy movements. In 1947, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government was formally established, incorporating parts of provinces like Chahar, Xing’an, and Ningxia. This period marked a significant step toward modernizing the governance structure and securing autonomy within China.
Following the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, Inner Mongolia’s boundaries and administrative centers were gradually adjusted. Hohhot became the capital of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, reflecting the evolving political landscape.
II. Administrative Divisions
As of 2021, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is divided into 12 prefecture-level administrative divisions, which include 9 prefecture-level cities and 3 leagues. The cities are Hohhot, Baotou, Wuhai, Chifeng, Tongliao, Ordos, Hulunbuir, Bayannur, and Ulanqab. The leagues are Hinggan League, Xilingol League, and Alxa League.
Inner Mongolia has a total of 103 county-level administrative divisions: 23 municipal districts, 11 county-level cities, 17 counties, 49 banners, and 3 autonomous banners. The People’s Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is headquartered in Saihan District, Hohhot, at 1 Chilechuan Street.
III. Geographic Location
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is located in the northern border area of the People’s Republic of China, stretching diagonally from the northeast to the southwest in a narrow shape. It extends from 126°04′ E in the east to 97°12′ E in the west, spanning a longitude of 28°52′ with a straight-line distance of over 2,400 kilometers from east to west. In terms of latitude, it ranges from 37°24′ N in the south to 53°23′ N in the north, covering a vertical distance of 15°59′, with a straight-line distance of 1,700 kilometers. The total area of the region is 1.183 million square kilometers, accounting for 12.3% of China’s land area, making it the third-largest province or autonomous region in China. To the east, south, and west, it borders eight provinces and regions: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu, crossing the three northern regions (Northeast, North China, Northwest) and being close to Beijing and Tianjin. To the north, it shares borders with Mongolia and Russia, featuring two important ports: Erenhot City and Manzhouli City, with a national border length of 4,200 kilometers.
1. Topography and Landforms
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has a relatively high elevation, with an average altitude of around 1,000 meters, making it predominantly a plateau landform area. In global natural classifications, it belongs to the southeastern part of the famous Mongolian Plateau in Central Asia and its surrounding areas, collectively referred to as the Inner Mongolia Plateau, which is the second-largest plateau among China’s four major plateaus.
There are notable internal structural differences within the region. The plateau accounts for approximately 53.4% of the total area, while mountains cover 20.9%, hills comprise 16.4%, and plains and marshlands make up 8.5%. The area occupied by rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and other water bodies accounts for 0.8%. Along the eastern foot of the Greater Khingan Range, at the foot of the Yin Mountains, and on the banks of the Yellow River, there are several plains: the western Nenjia River Plain, the Xiliao River Plain, the Tumochuan Plain, the Hetao Plain, and the southern Yellow River Plain.
This region features flat terrain, fertile soil, abundant sunlight, and rich water sources, making it a primary area for grain and economic crop production in Inner Mongolia. In the transitional zones between the mountains and the high plateaus and plains, there are loess hills and rocky hills, interspersed with low mountains, valleys, and basins, where soil and water erosion is relatively severe.
2. Geology
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region covers a vast area with a complete range of strata, frequent magmatic activity, favorable mineralization conditions, and abundant mineral resources. It can be divided into two primary tectonic units based on the 42° latitude line. The area north of 42° is part of the Tianshan-Inner Mongolia-Xing’an Trough zone, while the southern area is part of the North China Platform.
During the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, the eastern region of Inner Mongolia was influenced by the westward subduction of the Pacific Plate, leading to the formation of a north-northeast trending tectonic volcanic rock belt known as the third uplift belt of the Xinhua Xia system. Inner Mongolia features two secondary mineralization belts of China, located at the contact area of these two major tectonic units and the third uplift belt of the Xinhua Xia system. The former is the northern edge of the North China Platform, known for its gold and copper polymetallic secondary mineralization belt, while the latter is the Daxing’anling secondary copper polymetallic mineralization belt.
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is characterized by a wide variety of soils, classified into 9 soil orders and 22 soil types. A common feature of these soils is the strong accumulation of calcium and organic matter during their formation.
In terms of distribution, there are significant variations between the eastern and western regions, with soil zones generally arranged in a northeast-southwest direction. The easternmost zone is the black soil zone, followed westward by the dark brown soil zone, black calcic soil zone, chestnut calcic soil zone, brown soil zone, black loess soil zone, gray calcic soil zone, sandy land zone, and gray-brown desert soil zone. Among these, black soil has the highest natural fertility, with good structure and moisture conditions, making it suitable for agriculture. Black calcic soil has slightly lower natural fertility and is also suitable for the development of agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry.
3. Climate
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region covers a vast area and is located at a relatively high latitude. With a large plateau area, it is far from the ocean and bordered by mountains, resulting in a climate dominated by temperate continental monsoon characteristics. This region is characterized by low and uneven precipitation, strong winds, and significant temperature fluctuations between seasons.
The northern part of the Greater Khingan Range experiences a cold temperate continental monsoon climate, while the area west of the Bayan Haote-Haibowan-Bayan Gole region falls under a temperate continental climate.
Overall, the climate features abrupt temperature increases in spring, often accompanied by windy weather. Summers are short and hot, with concentrated rainfall. Autumn sees a rapid drop in temperatures, with frosts typically arriving early. Winters are long and harsh, with frequent cold wave conditions.
4. Hydrology
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is home to over a thousand rivers of varying sizes. The second largest river in China, the Yellow River, enters Inner Mongolia near Shizuishan in Ningxia and flows northward, surrounding the Ordos Plateau to form a horseshoe shape.
There are 107 rivers with a watershed area of over 1,000 square kilometers, and 258 rivers with a watershed area greater than 300 square kilometers. The region also contains nearly a thousand lakes, the most notable being Hulun Lake, Beier Lake, Dalinuoer Lake, Wuliangsu Lake, Daihai Lake, and Juyan Lake.
IV. Population
According to the results of the seventh national population census, as of midnight on November 1, 2020, the resident population of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was 24,049,155. Compared to the 24,706,321 residents recorded in the sixth national population census in 2010, this reflects a decrease of 657,166, or 2.66%, with an average annual growth rate of -0.27%.
Of the total population, Han Chinese accounted for 18,935,537, making up 78.74%, while the Mongolian population stood at 4,247,815, constituting 17.66%. Other ethnic minorities totaled 865,803, or 3.60%. In comparison to the sixth census in 2010, the Han population decreased by 715,150, a reduction of 3.64%. Conversely, the Mongolian population increased by 21,722, representing a growth of 0.51%, while other minority populations grew by 36,262, a rise of 4.37%.
By the end of 2023, the resident population of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was approximately 23.96 million, including 16.67 million urban residents and 7.29 million rural residents. The urbanization rate of the resident population reached 69.58%, an increase of 0.98 percentage points from the previous year. The male population was 12.27 million, while the female population was 11.69 million. Throughout the year, there were 120,000 births, resulting in a birth rate of 5.00‰. The death toll was 202,000, with a mortality rate of 8.42‰.
V. Economy
In 2023, the Gross Regional Product (GRP) of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region reached 2.4627 trillion yuan, representing a 7.3% increase compared to the previous year. The added value of the primary industry amounted to 273.7 billion yuan, growing by 5.5%; the secondary industry generated 1.1704 trillion yuan, up by 8.1%; and the tertiary industry contributed 1.0186 trillion yuan, marking a 7.0% rise. The distribution ratio among the three industries was 11.1:47.5:41.4. The primary, secondary, and tertiary industries respectively contributed 8.7%, 45.7%, and 45.6% to the GRP growth. The per capita GRP reached 102,677 yuan, reflecting a 7.4% increase from the previous year.
In 2023, the per capita disposable income for all residents in Inner Mongolia was 38,130 yuan, up by 6.1% from the previous year. By residency, urban residents had a per capita disposable income of 48,676 yuan, an increase of 5.1%. Key components of urban income included wage income at 29,756 yuan (up 5.9%), net business income at 9,276 yuan (up 4.1%), net property income at 2,637 yuan (up 1.2%), and net transfer income at 7,006 yuan (up 4.8%). Rural and pastoral residents had a per capita disposable income of 21,221 yuan, representing an 8.0% growth. For these residents, wage income reached 4,086 yuan (up 7.7%), net business income was 11,607 yuan (up 8.3%), net property income amounted to 580 yuan (up 15.8%), and net transfer income totaled 4,948 yuan (up 6.9%).
Per capita living consumption expenditures for all residents in Inner Mongolia reached 27,025 yuan in 2023, with a two-year average growth rate of 9.2%. By residency, urban residents had per capita consumption expenditures of 32,249 yuan, showing a two-year average growth rate of 8.9%, while rural and pastoral residents had expenditures of 18,650 yuan, with a two-year average growth of 9.0%. The Engel coefficient for all residents stood at 27.6%, with urban areas at 27.0% and rural and pastoral areas at 29.1%.
VI. Universities and Colleges
| City | Level | School Name |
|---|---|---|
| Hohhot | Undergraduate | Inner Mongolia University, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia University of Finance and Economics, Inner Mongolia Arts University, Hohhot National College, Inner Mongolia University Pioneer College, Inner Mongolia Hongde University of Arts and Sciences |
| Hohhot | Vocational College | Inner Mongolia Architectural Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Fengzhou Vocational College, Hohhot Vocational College, Inner Mongolia Electronic Information Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Mechanical and Electrical Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Chemical Vocational College, Inner Mongolia Business Vocational College, Inner Mongolia Police Vocational College, Inner Mongolia Sports Vocational College, Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Vocational College, Inner Mongolia Northern Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Economic and Trade Foreign Languages Vocational College, Inner Mongolia Industrial Vocational College, Inner Mongolia Energy Vocational College |
| Baotou | Undergraduate | Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology |
| Baotou | Vocational College | Baotou Vocational and Technical College, Baotou Light Industry Vocational and Technical College, Baotou Iron and Steel Vocational and Technical College, Baotou Railway Vocational and Technical College |
| Tongliao | Undergraduate | Inner Mongolia Minzu University |
| Tongliao | Vocational College | Tongliao Vocational College, Horqin Art Vocational College |
| Hulunbuir | Undergraduate | Hulunbuir College |
| Hulunbuir | Vocational College | Hulunbuir Vocational and Technical College, Manzhouli Russian Vocational College, Zhalantun Vocational College |
| Chifeng | Undergraduate | Chifeng College |
| Chifeng | Vocational College | Chifeng Vocational College, Chifeng Industrial Vocational College, Chifeng Applied Technology Vocational College, Inner Mongolia Traffic Vocational College |
| Ordos | Undergraduate | Ordos Institute of Applied Technology |
| Ordos | Vocational College | Ordos Institute of Applied Technology, Ordos Vocational College, Inner Mongolia National Kindergarten Teachers College, Ordos Ecological Environment Vocational College |
| Ulanqab | Undergraduate | Jining Normal College |
| Ulanqab | Vocational College | Ulanqab Vocational College, Ulanqab Medical College |
| Bayannur | Undergraduate | Hetao College |
| Bayannur | Vocational College | Inner Mongolia Fine Arts Vocational College |
| Xilin Gol League | Vocational College | Xilin Gol Vocational College |
| Wuhai | Vocational College | Wuhai Vocational and Technical College |
| Alxa League | Vocational College | Alxa Vocational College |
| Xing’an League | Vocational College | Xing’an Vocational College |
VII. Civil Aviation
Inner Mongolia hosts a network of civil aviation airports, providing both domestic and international flights and facilitating regional connectivity. Key airports in the region include:
- Hohhot Baita International Airport
- Hohhot Shengle International Airport (currently not in operation)
- Baotou Donghe Airport
- Wuhai Airport
- Ordos Ejin Horo International Airport
- Ulanhot Yilelite Airport
- Chifeng Yulong Airport
- Tongliao Airport
- Xilinhot Airport
- Hulunbuir Dongshan International Airport
- Ulanqab Jining Airport
- Bayannur Tianjitai Airport
- Manzhouli Xijiao International Airport
- Erenhot Saiwusu Airport
- Arxan Yiershi Airport
- Zalantun Genghis Khan Airport
- Alxa Right Banner Badanjilin Airport
- Alxa Left Banner Bayanhot Airport
- Ejin Banner Taolai Airport
VIII. Culture and Cuisine
The Naadam Festival:
Naadam, meaning “games” or “festivities,” is a traditional Mongolian festival often held in the grasslands during August. With a history dating back 700 years, it is a lively event where vendors gather, storytellers perform, and a variety of cultural activities take place. Traditional competitions, known as the “Three Manly Games” – horse racing, wrestling, and archery – are the festival’s main highlights.
The Ger (Yurt):
The “ger,” also known as a yurt, is a traditional Mongolian dwelling, adapted for a nomadic lifestyle. It is typically about seven to eight feet high and over ten feet wide. Constructed from a framework of wooden rods and cowhide, it is assembled in a circular, tent-like shape with a dome on top. A round skylight at the dome’s center allows ventilation and light. The ger is not only an iconic home for Mongolian herders but also an attractive lodging option for visitors looking to experience the local way of life.
The Ovoo Ceremony:
An ovoo is a sacred pile of stones, soil, or branches, traditionally built on grasslands, mountain slopes, or hilltops. Initially intended as landmarks on the open plains, ovoos became sites for worshipping deities of the mountains and roads. The Ovoo Ceremony is typically held in July or August, during which branches adorned with colorful cloth and paper flags are placed on the ovoo. In Mongolian culture, the ovoo is revered as a sacred space for offering prayers to the spirits.
Culinary Traditions:
Mongolian cuisine is robust and simple, centered on ingredients like mutton, dairy products, wild vegetables, and flour-based foods. Mongolians favor straightforward cooking methods, with roasting being particularly popular. The cuisine emphasizes hearty portions and the natural flavors of the ingredients, reflecting a cultural preference for nourishing and fulfilling meals.
IX. Tourist Attractions
The tourism resources of Inner Mongolia are primarily categorized into six distinctive features: grasslands, historical sites, deserts, lakes, forests, and ethnic customs.
- Grasslands: Known for vast open spaces, Inner Mongolia’s grasslands are a prime attraction, allowing visitors to experience traditional Mongolian culture, including horseback riding and staying in yurts.
- Forests: The forested areas are mainly concentrated in the Greater Khingan Range, offering stunning natural landscapes and rich biodiversity.
- Ethnic Customs: Visitors can experience traditional Mongolian music and dance, along with the “Three Manly Games” — horse racing, wrestling, and archery — often showcased during the Naadam Festival.
- Historical Sites: Inner Mongolia is home to numerous historic sites:
- In Hohhot: The Five Pagoda Temple, Dazhao Monastery, Zhaojun Tomb, Xilituzhao Monastery, Wusutu Monastery, and Baita Pagoda.
- In Baotou: Wudangzhao Monastery and Meidaizhao Monastery.
- In Ordos’ Ejin Horo Banner: The Mausoleum of Genghis Khan.
- In Erenhot: The Eren Basin Cretaceous Dinosaur National Geological Park.
- In Alxa Left Banner: Yanfu Temple.
- In Chifeng: Sites of the Liao Dynasty’s Upper and Middle Capitals, along with the Daming Pagoda.
- In Oroqen Autonomous Banner: The scenic Gaxian Cave.
- Deserts and Lakes: Inner Mongolia also features desert landscapes and lakes such as Hulun Lake and the Dalinor Lake, providing diverse natural beauty and opportunities for outdoor adventures.
| Category | Name | Introduction |
|---|---|---|
| Natural Scenery | Hulunbuir Grassland | The best-preserved grassland in China, with a total area of 149 million mu, known as the “Kingdom of Forage Grass”. The best tourist season is from June to September. Especially in July and August, the grass is lush, suitable for horseback riding, fishing in the hinterland of the grassland, or boating on Hulun Lake in the west. |
| Natural Scenery | Xiangshawan | Located in Dalate Banner, Ordos, it is mainly characterized by desert landscapes and the wonder of singing sand. In addition, there are also sand lakes, sandy oases, and Mongolian ethnic customs. Xiangshawan is a curved sand slope, backed by the vast desert and facing a large river, with a height of nearly 100 meters, a slope of 45 degrees, and a width of more than 400 meters. |
| Natural Scenery | Daoxugou | Located in the Heili River National Nature Reserve in Ningcheng County, it is known as the “Xishuangbanna beyond the Great Wall”. |
| Natural Scenery | Tengger Desert | The fourth largest desert in China. In Mongolian, it means “sky”, indicating that the vast flowing sand is like an endless sky. Inside the desert, sand dunes, lake basins, salt marshes, grasslands, mountains, and plains are interlaced. There are also hundreds of original ecological lakes that have existed for tens of millions of years, including Moon Lake and Swan Lake (Juyanhai). |
| Natural Scenery | Hailaer National Forest Park | It was listed as one of the eight scenic spots in Hulunbuir as early as the Qing Dynasty and is famous for its ancient pines on sandbanks. It is a national forest park with Scotch pine as the main body in China. |
| Natural Scenery | Erenhot City | There are the Cretaceous Dinosaur National Geopark in the Erenhot Basin and the Erenhot Salt Lake. |
| Natural Scenery | Hasu Lake | The “West Lake beyond the Great Wall”, located in Tumed Left Banner, 70 kilometers west of Hohhot. The water surface area is 32 square kilometers, and the water depth is about 2 meters. The bottom of the lake is overgrown with weeds, and the water quality is fertile, rich in grass carp, silver carp, carp, crucian carp, blunt-snout bream, Wuchang fish and other fish and river shrimp and crabs. |
| Natural Scenery | Arxan | There are natural landscapes such as Arxan National Forest Park, Arxan Tianchi, Shitanglin, Songye Lake, Lumingshu, Meigui Peak, Motianling, Dujuan Lake, Haoshenggou, etc. |
| Natural Scenery | Hexigten | There are natural landscapes such as Gongger Grassland, Baiyin Aobao National Nature Reserve, Asahatu Stone Forest, Huanggangliang Forest Sea, Hexigten World Geopark, Hamaba, Moulinet wonder, Ulagai, Saihanba, etc. |
| Natural Scenery | Other Natural Tourist Attractions in Inner Mongolia | Ulan Butong Grassland, Xilamuren Grassland, Erguna River Wetland, Moerdaoga National Forest Park, Kubuqi Desert, Badain Jaran Desert, Morigele River, Ejina Populus euphratica National Nature Reserve, Sacred Tree, Strange Tree Forest, Juyanhai, Ejina River, Uma Nature Reserve, etc. |
| Cultural Landscapes | Genghis Khan Mausoleum | It is the cenotaph of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, a AAAA-level tourist attraction in China, and a sacred place of grassland history and culture. It consists of three connected yurts as the main body and displays objects related to Genghis Khan’s life. |
| Cultural Landscapes | The Ruins of Zhongjing City in Liao Dynasty | Located in Ningcheng County, it is the large-scale auxiliary capital Zhongjing Dadingfu City built in the 25th year of Liao Tonghe (1007). |
| Cultural Landscapes | Erenhot City | There are the national gate, boundary marker, the Paleontological Museum of China in Erenhot, Dinosaur Square, Swan Lake, Yilin Post Station Museum, Zhenmeng International Landscape Art Park, city gate, Olympic Park. |
| Cultural Landscapes | Alzhai Grottoes | Located in Albas Sum of Otog Banner, it is the largest grotto temple complex in Inner Mongolia and a relatively large |
This is a general introduction to Inner Mongolia, China. If there’s anything else you’d like to know, feel free to leave a comment or message me!